Retina International's Scientific Newsletter

	Retina International's Scientific Newsletter
Editor's Notes from literature on cGMP Phosphodiesterase (PDE6)

Recent update from: 22.12.99

PDEA1

Notes

2 sites on PDEA-PDEB complex for PDEG binding (A+B)
PDEG site interacting with B overlaps partly GNAT binding site (main site of interaction)
GNAT first reacts with A-site PDEG and removes it into GNAT-PDEG complex
Than GNAT reacts with B site to form a fully active GNAT-PDEA-PDEB-PDEG-GTP complex

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (31)

PDE

Notes

Mg²⁺-cGMP as substrate komplex for cGMP PDE necessary

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (42)

PDEG

Notes

Has increased ability to inhibit PDEA/B if phosphorylated
PDEG 24-45 binds GNAT cd250-275 (basic region)
PDEG 80-87 binds GNAT cd306-310 (inhibitory region)
PDEG is phopshorylated by PKC at Thr35
Ex1: 1 - 49, Ex2: 50.62, Ex3:63-87

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons: 3

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (10)

PDEA1, alpah rod

Notes

Single transcription initiation site -138 bp from ATG
Cone specific
No TATAA
2 conserved CAAT
2 TATAA like
No PCE1 but PCE1 in reverse direction

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (52)

PDE, alpha beta

Notes

Noncatalytic sites do not bind cAMP
Major determinant is the N-1/C-6 region of the purine ringof cGMP

Species: Rana catesbiana

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (26)

PDEA2, alpha cone

Notes

2 PDEA in cones
Basal promotor -77 bp
Enhancer -197 bp

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (17)

PDEA2, alpha cone

Notes

89% aa and 89% nt sequence homology to bovine PDEA2
83% aa and 78% nt sequence homology to chicken PDEA2
CAAX-motif at C-terminus is geranylated

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3.2 kb

Exons:

Primers: partial

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 859 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 99 kDa

Reference: (53)

PDEA', alpha cone'

Notes

2 TATA-like (TAAT) boxes at -232 and -267
CCAAT-motifs at -421 and -431
Homology: 89,1% to bovine and 82,7% to chicken PDEA', 64,5% to human PDEB
Non-catalytic cGMP binding sites at cd 94 - 255 and cd 400 - 468
Catalytic site at cd 560 - 783
CAAX-motif at the 4 C-terminal residues

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA: 3455 bp

Exons: 14

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 858 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 99169 Da

Reference: (19)

PDEA1, alpha rod

Notes

Cys 856 is posttranslationally modified

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 4.6+4.0

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 859 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (37)

PDEA1, alpha rod

Notes

Identity at DNA level: bovine 91.0%, mouse 86.5%, human 90.4%
Identity at protein level: bovine 94.0%, mouse 94%, human 94%

Species: Canis familiaris

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3.0+3.3

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 861 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (54)

Online Reference

PDEA1, alpha rod

Notes

Mutations
PDEG binding -> diminished ERG
Exon 2-7 cGMP binding
10-18 homologeous domain-130 bp upstream ATG transcription start
Differs from PDEB at W243S

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (27)

PDEA1, alpha rod

Notes

Single copy gene
Genomic segment span 140 kb
Cys 856 is posttranslationally lipidated
PDEB to PDEA: difference 3 AA (Val 194 Ala, Thr 424, Phe 675 Cys)
Identity to bovine 88% at cDNA, 94% at protein level

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 5q31.2-q34
	in mouse:

Gene Data

: 5.3-4.9

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 859 AA,

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 100 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (37)

PDEA1, PDE6A, alpha rod

Notes

L1ME3A: -3612
MER20: -3495
Alu-Jb: -2947
MER21B: -2779
MIR2: -2040
AluSx: -1312
GC-box: -225
Bhz-like: -214
bZip: -202
TATA: -172
Ret1-like: -164
2 RNE: fp.2: -172 fp.1: -120

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (32)

Pdea, alpha rod

Notes

VNTR (TTCTG)17 in 3' untranslated Region of mice
(TTCTG)9
CAAX-motif at the end

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 856 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 100 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (3)

PDEA1, alpha rod

Notes

Elevated levels of cGMP are present in rd retinae before degeneration
PDE activity in rd retinae 5-6% of control rd retina
K_m similar to normal retina

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (18)

Pdea, alpha rod

Notes

Not involved in rd

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse: 18

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (11)

PDEA2, alpha, cone

Notes

90% nucleotide, 93% aminoacid identity to bovine PDEA2
Forms homodimer in cone
Associated with 3 SU of 11, 13, and 15 kDa
11 and 13 kDa SU are homologues of PDEG
15 kDa SU binds also to PDE rod SU to solubilize the catalytic SU
TATA- (TAAT) and 2 potential CCAAT-box
Catalytic domain in exons 12 - 21
Genomic segment 48 kb

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 10q24
	in mouse:

Gene Data

gDNA: 3,6 kb

Exons: 22

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 858 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 94 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (35)

PDEA, alpha, rod

Notes

N-terminal amino group is acylated

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 858 AA,

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 88 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (33)

PDE, alpha/beta

Notes

Catalytic SU have highly conserved domain in C-terminal part
Catalytic domain contains NKXD consensus sequence, a Mg²⁺ binding element (DXXG), a Zn2+ binding motif, and a glycine loop
Recognition sites for posttranslational prenylation and carboxymethylation are present
PDE6A is farnesylated, PDE6B is geranylated
Modifications are necessary for membrane attachment

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (1)

PDE6, beta

Notes

alpha is farnesylated and carboxymethylated
beta is geranylated

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (40)

PDEB, beta

Notes

Nonsense ochre codon at cd 347 causes rd-mutation

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons: 22

Primers: Mouse

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (36)

PDEB, beta rod

Notes

Possibly activ beta and alpha dimers in rods
Distal promotor elements: c-myc, ATF-like, SP1
Proximal regulatory elements: HS-like, PCE1-like
Basal promotor:SP1, TATA-like element

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (17)

PDEB, beta rod

Notes

cd807 in Irish Setter dogs (Exon 21 amber mutation)

Species: Canis familiaris

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (43)

PDEB, beta rod

Notes

Mutation cd 807, 2420g-a underlies rcd1 in dogs

Species: Canis familiaris

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (38)

PDE6B, beta rod

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers: complete

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (39)

PDEB,PDE6B, beta rod

Notes

RFLP in Exon 14: Sca I (-) 0,25 (+) 0,75 fq 0,375
No beta-subunit in cones

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (21)

PDEB,PDE6B, beta rod

Notes

Two distinct transcription start sites
No TATA-box
Only TATA-like element (- 31 bp: TAAAGAAA) and CAAT-box (-873 bp)
AP1 element (-69 bp)
167 bp usptream transcription initiation are sufficient to drive reporter gene expression
E-box (-81bp)
GC-box (-56 bp, -829 bp)
ATF-like element (-200 bp)
CACC-box (-378 bp)
c-Myc elements (-1081 bp, -1110 bp)
Ret1/PCEI element (-41 bp)

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (15)

PDE6B, beta rod

Notes

Genomic segment 43 kb
700 kb proximal to the telomere
LInked markers: D4S228, D4S133, D4S90

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 4p16.3
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3.5 kb

Exons: 22

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (56)

PDEB,PDE6B, beta rod

Notes

PDEB rod: 5 regulatory elements
CATTTG (E-box)
TATA like element
GC-Box
Ret1 (100% identical to RHO PCE1)
AP1 site

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (13)

PDE6B, beta rod

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 4p16
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (4)

PDE6B, beta rod

Notes

Identity: to bovine 91%
2.9 kb transcript in brain

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 4p16.3
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3.5 kb

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 854 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 98,4 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (8)

PDE6B, beta rod

Notes

E-box at -81 bp
AP1-element at -69 bp
GC-box at -55 bp
Ret1-element at -43 bp
TATA-box at -31 bp
Mutagenesis of AP1 caused 90-95% reduction in reporter gene expression
Human promotor sequence

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

genomic: 43 kb

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (14)

Pdeb, beta rod

Notes

Alternatively spliced from lacks 55 C-terminal AA
CAAX-motif at the end

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse: 18

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 853 AA,

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 99 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (3)

Pdeb, beta rod

Notes

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (XMV-38)
Associated with mouse rd

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (6)

Pdeb, beta rod

Notes

Two distinct transcription start sites
No TATA-box
Only TATA-like element (- 28 bp) and CAAT-box (-305 bp)
AP1 element (-65 bp, -613 bp)
167 bp usptream transcription initiation are sufficient to drive reporter gene expression
E-box (-81bp)
CACC-box (-405 bp)
Ret1/PCEI element (-39 bp)

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (15)

Pdeb, beta rod

Notes

Associated with mouse rd
Degeneration is preceded by cGMP accumulation

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse: 5

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (5)

PDEG, component I/II

Notes

PI at 0.1 mM stimulated the phosphorylation of component I and II and 20 and 52 kDa protein
Component I and II are preferential substrates of PRK in ROS
In the absence of PI PPI stimulated the phosphorylation of 38, 48, and 52 kDa protein
PI/PPI ratio is light- and Ca²⁺-sensitive
Anti-GNT AB blocked phosphorylation

Species: Rana catesbeiana

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 12/11 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (24)

PDEA2, Cone

Notes

IP = 5.65
Terminates in CAAX motif

Species: Gallus gallus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3.4+4.4

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 862 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 94 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (41)

PDED, PDE6D, delta

Notes

Co-purifies with rod soluble PDE and cone PDE
Strongest northern signal in retina, less intense in brain
Forms complex with native but not trypsin treated PDE
Maybe binding to isoprenylated C-termini
mRNA in brain and retina
IR only in ROS

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 1.3 kb

Exons: 4

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 150 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 17 kDa
	calculated: 17395

Reference: (20)

pde6d, delta

Notes

Genomic 4.2 kb
Expressed in liver, lung, spleen, kidney,heart, brain, retina
Highest abundance in retina
Assignment: canine radiation hybrid group 14-a
Sequence

Species: Canis familiaris

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 2q35-36
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 1.43 kb

Exons: 4

Primers: complete

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 150 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (55)

PDED, PDE6D, delta

Notes

Similarity to HRG4
Several Alu-like repeats
Partial similarity to RG4
Less than 8 kb of genomic DNA
Does not affect the catalytic activity
Prevents membrane anchoring of PDE by directly interacting with the isoprenylated C-termini
Does not associate with ROS membranes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 2q35 (FISH)
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 1.3 kb

Exons: 4

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 17 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (30)

PDE6D, delta

Notes

Is able to detach PDE6AB from membranes
Homology to HRG4
Ser-ARG-Val C-terminus is usually interacting with PDZ domain-containing proteins
EC₅₀ = 14.9 nM
Interacts with RPGR and Rab13
Unknown function
Truncation of 10 or 20 AA disrupted membrane association
No binding of RK and PDE6D
Binds PDE6A, PDE6B, and a peptide comprising the N-terminus of RPGR
Lipid modifications are not essential for binding

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 2q35-36
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 1.35 kb

Exons: 4

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 150 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 17 kDa

Reference: (28)

PDE6D, delta

Notes

Is able to detach PDE6AB from membranes
Homology to HRG4
Detachment may serve to regulate phototransduction
Soluble, acidic protein
Pi = 5.4
2 consensus sites for N-linked glycosylation
7 kb genomic DNA

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 2q35-36
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 1.35 kb

Exons: 4

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 150 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 17 kDa

Reference: (29)

PDE6D, delta

Notes

Is able to detach PDE6AB from membranes
Soluble, acidic protein
Pi = 5.4
2 consensus sites for N-linked glycosylation
5 kb genomic DNA

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse: 1

Gene Data

mRNA: 1.2 kb

Exons: 4

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 150 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 17 kDa

Reference: (29)

PDED, PDE6D, delta

Notes

Partial similarity to RG4
Less than 8 kb of genomic DNA
Does not affect the catalytic activity
Prevents membrane anchoring of PDE by directly interacting with the isoprenylated C-termini
Does not associate with ROS membranes
Partial similarity to RG4
Less than 8 kb of genomic DNA
Several Repeats of MB1 and MB2

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse: 1

Gene Data

mRNA: 1.2 kb

Exons: 4

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 150 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 17 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (30)

PDEG, gamma

Notes

PDEG kinase (cdk5) phosphorylates Thr 20
PRKA phosphorylates Thr 35
ADP ribosylation at Arg 33 and Arg 36

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (25)

PDEG, gamma

Notes

Acts maybe as a chaperone for PDEA/B

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (34)

PDEG, gamma

Notes

No involvement in arRP, RP simplex, and USH1
RFLPs with BstEII and EcoRI

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

ORF: 261 bp

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 87 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (9)

PDE6G, gamma

Notes

Very well conserved during evolution
Identity: 97.7% to bovine, 96.6% to mouse
mRNA size identical to mouse, dog, bovine but longer than rat

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 17q21.1
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 1.0 kb

Exons: 1

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 87 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 9,7 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (48)

PDEG, gamma

Notes

Identity to bovine 91.5% cDNA, 97.7% protein

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 87 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 9.7 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (49)

PDEG, gamma

Notes

No involvement in rd

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse: 11

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (12)

PDEG, gamma

Notes

PDEG is not essential for normal prenatal development
PDEGtm1 mouse model
Insertion into exon 3
Pdea and Pdeb amount is 1/4 of wildtype due to developmental arrest
Interaction of 3 subunits is necessary for full catalytic avtivity
Pdeab dimer lacks hydrolytic activity

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (45)

PDEG, gamma rod

Notes

Maintains PDE6 activity in darkness at low level
PDEG binding to PDEA/B is regulated by cGMP bound to PDEA/B
Region interacting to PDEA/B: central polycationic region and C-terminus
Inhibition by physical block of of cGMP access
Serves as GTPase-activator together with RGS9 on GNAT

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (1)

PDEG, gamma rod

Notes

PDEG inhibits PDEA/B by increasing the V_max not the K_m
GNAT binds at residues 24-45
PDEA/B bind at residue 30-45
Tyr84 is required for inhibitory activity

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons: 3

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (44)

PDEG, gamma rod

Notes

Second region: PDEG 46-87 forms salt bridges to GNAT1
Phosphorylated by PRKC
PDEG 24-45 interacts with GNAT1 306-310
Lys 41,44,45 has salt bridges with Glu 305,314, and Asp 311

Species: Bos taurus

See also: GNT

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (2)

PDEG, gamma rod

Notes

Phosphorylated by bovine ROS PRKC
Inactivated by phosphorylation
Phosphatidylinositolphosphate (PIP) stimulates the phosphorylation

Species: Bos taurus

See also: PRKC

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (51)

PDEG, gamma rod

Notes

Marker D17S24

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 17q25
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (16)

PDEG, gamma rod

Notes

A/G polymorphism in 3' untranslated region
Cdel polymorphism in 5' untranslated region

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (22)

PDEG,PDE6G, gamma rod

Notes

5 3'UTR positions corrected
No involvement in RP
Exons 2 - 4 are coding
Exon: 1 = cd1 - 49 , 2 = cd49 - 63, 3 = cd63 - 87

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons: 4

Primers: Exons 2 - 4

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (23)

PDEG, gamma rod

Notes

Base change in coding region of rd mice (C->A 105 no change in amino acid)

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (50)

PDEG, gamma rod

Notes

Phosphorylated by a kinase of 70 kDa
The kinase does not require any of the known activators
The kinase is cGMP inhibited
PDEG in complex with GNAT is not phosphorylated
80% of PDEG is phosphorylated
PDEG is phosphorylated at Thr22
Phosphorylation increases inhibitory activity on PDEA/B
Dephosphorylation is inhibited by cGMP too
Non-catalytic cGMP binding sites are not involved in PDEG phosphorylation

Species: Rana catesbeiana

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (46)

PDEG, gamma rod

Notes

Phosphorylated PDEG looses interaction to GNAT
Phosphorylated PDEG inhibits PDEA/B more effectively
PDEG inhibits two steps: GTP hydrolysis of GNAT and GDP GNAT reassociation with GNB/G
Excess amonuts of PDEG does not change any GTPase activity
After GTP hydrolysis GNAT still forms a complex with PDEG

Species: Rana catesbeiana

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (47)

PDE, rod

Notes

Only membrane bound PDE is efficiently activable

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (7)

References:

1. Artemyev, N.O., Arshavsky, V.Y., and Cote, R.H. Photoreceptor phosphodiesterase: interaction of inhibitory gamma subunit and cyclic GMP with specific binding sites on catalytic subunits. 1998; Methods. 14: 93 - 104.
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2. Artemyev, N.O., Mills, J.S., Thornburg, K.R., Knapp, D.R., Schey, K.L., and Hamm, H.E. A site on transducin alpha-subunit of interaction with the polycationic region of cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitory subunit. 1993; J.Biol.Chem. 268: 23611 - 23615.
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3. Baehr, W., Champagne, M.S., Lee, A.K., and Pittler, S.J. Complete cDNA sequences of mouse rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase alpha- and beta-subunits, and identification of beta'-, a putative beta-subunit isozyme produced by alternative splicing of the beta-subunit gene. 1991; FEBS Letters. 278: 107 - 114.
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4. Bateman, J.B., Klisak, I., Kojis, T., Mohandas, T., Sparkes, R.S., Li, T.S., Applebury, M.L., Bowes, C., and Farber, D.B. Assignment of the beta-subunit of rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase gene PDEB (homolog of the mouse rd gene) to human chromosome 4p16. 1992; Genomics. 12: 601 - 603.
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5. Bowes, C., Li, T., Danciger, M., Baxter, L.C., Applebury, M.L., and Farber, D.B. Retinal degeneration in the rd mouse is caused by a defect in the beta subunit of rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase. 1990; Brain.Dev. 347: 677 - 680.
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6. Bowes, C., Li, T., Frankel, W.N., Danciger, M., Coffin, J.M., Applebury, M.L., and Farber, D.B. Localization of a retroviral element within the rd gene coding for the beta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase. 1993; Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 90: 2955 - 2959.
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7. Bruckert, F., Catty, P., Deterre, P., and Pfister, C. Activation of phosphodiesterase by transducin in bovine rod outer segments: Characteristics of the successive binding of two transducins. 1994; Biochemistry. 33: 12625 - 12634.
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8. Collins, C., Hutchinson, G., Kowbel, D., Riess, O., Weber, B., and Hayden, M.R. The human beta-subunit of rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase: Complete retinal cDNA sequence and evidence for expression in brain. 1992; Genomics. 13: 698 - 704.
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11. Danciger, M., Kozak, C.A., Li, T., Applebury, M.L., and Farber, D.B. Genetic mapping demonstrates that the alpha-subunit of retinal cGMP-phosphodiesterase is not the site of the rd mutation. 1990; Exp.Eye Res. 51: 185 - 189.
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12. Danciger, M., Tuteja, N., Kozak, C.A., and Farber, D.B. The gene for the gamma-subunit of retinal cGMP-phosphodiesterase is on mouse chromosome 11. 1989; Exp.Eye Res. 48: 303 - 308.
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13. Di Polo, A. and Farber, D.B. Cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors involved in rod specific expression of the human cGMP phosphodiesterase B-subunit gene. 1995; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 36: S431
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14. Di Polo, A., Lerner, L.E., and Farber, D.B. Transcriptional activation of the human rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase beta-subunit gene is mediated by an upstream AP-1 element. 1997; Nucleic.Acids.Res. 25: 3863 - 3867.
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15. Di Polo, A., Rickman, C.B., and Farber, D.B. Isolation and initial characterization of the 5' flanking region of the human and murine cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase beta-subunit genes. 1996; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 37: 551 - 560.
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16. Dollfus, H., Mattei, M.G., Rozet, J.M., Delrieu, O., Munnich, A., and Kaplan, J. Physical and genetic localization of the gamma subunit of the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase on the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q25). 1993; Genomics. 17: 526 - 528.
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17. Farber, D.B. From mice to men: The cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase gene in vision and disease - The Proctor Lecture. 1995; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 36: 263 - 275.
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18. Farber, D.B., Park, S., and Yamashita, C. Cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase of rd retina: biosynthesis and content. 1988; Exp.Eye Res. 46: 363 - 374.
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19. Feshchenko, E.A., Andreeva, S.G., Suslova, V.A., Smirnova, E.V., Zagranichny, V.E., and Lipkin, V.M. Human cone-specific cGMP phosphodiesterase alpha' subunit: complete cDNA sequence and gene arrangement. 1996; FEBS Letters. 381: 149 - 152.
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20. Florio, S.K., Prusti, R.K., and Beavo, J.A. Solubilization of membrane-bound rod phosphodiesterase by the rod phosphodiesterase recombinant delta subunit. 1996; J.Biol.Chem. 271: 24036 - 24047.
Goto Top

21. Gao, Y.Q., Danciger, M., Yaron, Y., Heckenlively, J.R., and Farber, D.B. DGGE-Screening of the gene for the beta subunit of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE?) in RP patients. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35: 1262
Goto Top

22. Hahn, L.B., Berson, E.L., and Dryja, T.P. Search for mutations in the gamma-subunit of the human phosphodiesterase gene in patients with hereditary retinal degeneration. 1992; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 33:
Goto Top

23. Hahn, L.B., Berson, E.L., and Dryja, T.P. Evaluation of the gene encoding the gamma subunit of rod phosphodiesterase in retinitis pigmentosa. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35: 1077 - 1082.
Goto Top

24. Hayashi, F., Sumi, M., and Amakawa, T. Phosphatidylinositol stimulates phosphorylation of protein components I and II in rod outer segments of frog photoreceptors. 1987; Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 148: 54 - 60.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

25. Hayashi, F., Xu, L.U., Tanaka, Y., Bonderenko, V.A., Matsumoto, H., and Yamazaki, A. Phosphorylation Of The G Subunit Of Bovine Retinal cGMP Phosphodiesterase By The cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase And Its Effect On The G Subunit Interaction With Other Proteins. 1998; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 39: S953
Goto Top

26. Hebert, M.C., Schwede, F., Jastorff, B., and Cote, R.H. Structural features of the noncatalytic cGMP binding sites of frog photoreceptor phosphodiesterase using cGMP analogs. 1998; J.Biol.Chem. 273: 5557 - 5565.
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27. Huang, X. and Pittler, S.J. Characterization of the human PDEA gene. 1995; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. Suppl. S776
Goto Top

28. Li, N. and Baehr, W. Expression and characterization of human PDEdelta and its Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog CEdelta. 1998; FEBS Lett. 440: 454 - 457.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

29. Li, N., Florio, S.K., Pettenati, M.J., Rao, P.N., Beavo, J.A., and Baehr, W. Characterization Of Human And Mouse Rod cGMP Phosphodiesterase Delta Subunit (PDE6D) And Chromosomal Localization Of The Human Gene. 1998; Genomics. 49: 76 - 82.
Goto Top

30. Li, Y., Lee, C.H., Wiggs, J., Jenkins, N.A., Chew, C., and Zack, D.J. Mouse And Human Map Location And Genomic Structure Of The Genes For The Small GTP Binding Proteins Rin And Rit. 1997; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 38: S1125 - A1000.
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31. Lipkin, V.M., Alekseev, A.M., and Zagranichny, V.E. Mechanisms of bovine rod cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibition by its gamma subunit and activation by transducin. 1995; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 36: S642
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32. Mohamed, M.K. and Pittler, S.J. Functional Analysis Of The Rod Photoreceptor cGMP Phosphodiesterase Alpha Subunit Gene (PDE6A) Upstream Region. 1997; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 38: S1130 - A1000.
Goto Top

33. Ovchinnikov, Y.A., Gubanov, V.V., Khramtsov, N.V., Ischenko, K.A., Zagranichny, V.E., Muradov, K.G., Shuvaeva, T.M., and Lipkin, V.M. Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase from bovine retina. Amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding cDNA. 1987; FEBS Letters. 223: 169 - 173.
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34. Palczewski, K. and Saari, J.C. Activation And Inactivation Steps In The Visual Transduction Pathway. 1997; Current.Opinion.In Neurobiology. 7: 500 - 504.
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35. Piriev, N.I., Viczian, A.S., Ye, J.J., Kerner, B., Korenberg, J.R., and Farber, D.B. Gene structure and amino acid sequence of the human cone photoreceptor cGMP-phosphodiesterase alpha' subunit (PDEA2) and its chromosomal localization to 10q24. 1995; Genomics. 28: 429 - 435.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

36. Pittler, S.J. and Baehr, W. Identification of a nonsense mutation in the rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase beta-subunit gene of the rd mouse. 1991; Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 88: 8322 - 8326.
Goto Top

37. Pittler, S.J., Baehr, W., Wasmuth, J.J., McConnell, D.G., Champagne, M.S., van Tuinen, P., Ledbetter, D., and Davis, R.L. Molecular characterization of human and bovine rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase alpha-subunit and chromosomal localization of the human gene. 1990; Genomics. 6: 272 - 283.
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38. Ray, K., Baldwin, V.J., Acland, G.M., Blanton, S.H., and Aguirre, G.D. Cosegregation of codon 807 mutation of the canine rod cGMP phosphodiesterase beta gene and rcd1. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35: 4291 - 4299.
Goto Top

39. Riess, O., Noerremoelle, A., Weber, B., Musarella, M.A., and Hayden, M.R. The search for mutations in the gene for the beta subunit of the cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEB) in patients with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. 1992; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 51: 755 - 762.
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40. Schafer, W.R. and Rine, J. Protein prenylation: genes, enzymes, targets, and functions. 1992; Annu.Rev.Genet. 26: 209 - 237.
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41. Semple Rowland, S.L., Green, D., and Lee, R. Molecular characterization and analyses of the ?-subunit of cone photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase in normal and rd chickens. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35: 1463
Goto Top

42. Srivastava, D., Hurwitz, R.L., and Fox, D.A. A cGMP Mg2+ complex is the substrate for the bovine rod cGMP phosphodiesterase. 1993; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 34: 1360
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43. Suber, M.L., Pittler, S.J., Oin, N., Wright, G.C., Holcombe, V., Lee, R.H., Craft, C.M., Lolley, R.N., Baehr, W., and Hurwitz, R.L. Irish setter dogs affected with rod/cone dysplasia contain a nonsense mutation in the rod cGMP phosphodiesterase beta subunit gene. 1993; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 34: 769
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44. Takemoto, D.J., Hurt, D., Oppert, B., and Cunnick, J. Domain mapping of the retinal cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase gamma-subunit. Function of the domains encoded by the three exons of the gamma-subunit gene. 1992; Biochemical.Journal. 281: 637 - 643.
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45. Tsang, S.H., Yamashita, C., Tanabe, T., Li, W., Kjeldbye, H., Gouras, P., Farber, D.B., and Goff, S.P. Gene Targeting Analysis Of The Rod cGMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibitory g Unit; Morphological And Physiological. 1996; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. S216
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46. Tsuboi, S., Matsumoto, H., Jackson, K.W., Tsujimoto, K., Williams, T., and Yamazaki, A. Phosphorylation of an inhibitory subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase in Rana catesbeiana rod photoreceptors. I. Characterization of the phosphorylation. 1994; J.Biol.Chem. 269: 15024 - 15029.
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47. Tsuboi, S., Matsumoto, H., and Yamazaki, A. Phosphorylation of an inhibitory subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase in Rana catesbeiana rod photoreceptors. II. A possible mechanism for the turnoff of cGMP phosphodiesterase without GTP hydrolysis. 1994; J.Biol.Chem. 269: 15016 - 15023.
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48. Tuteja, N., Danciger, M., Klisak, I., Tuteja, R., Inana, G., Mohandas, T., Sparkes, R.S., and Farber, D.B. Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding the gamma-subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase in human retina. 1990; Gene. 88: 227 - 232.
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49. Tuteja, N. and Farber, D.B. Gamma-subunit of mouse retinal cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase: cDNA and corresponding amino acid sequence. 1988; FEBS Letters. 232: 182 - 186.
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50. Tuteja, N., Tuteja, R., and Farber, D.B. Cloning and sequencing of the gamma-subunit of retinal cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase from rd mouse. 1989; Exp.Eye Res. 48: 863 - 872.
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51. Udovichenko, I.P., Cunnick, J., Gonzalez, K., and Takemoto, D.J. Functional effect of phosphorylation of the photoreceptor phosphodiesterase inhibitory subunit by protein kinase C Functional effect of phosphorylation of the photoreceptor phosphodiesterase inhibitory subunit by protein kinase C. 1994; J.Biol.Chem. 269: 9850 - 9856.
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52. Viczian, A.S. and Farber, D.B. Characterization of the start site and 5' flanking region of human cone photoreceptor cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase ?' subunit. 1995; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 36: S430
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53. Viczian, A.S., Piriev, N.I., and Farber, D.B. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding the alpha' subunit of human cone cGMP-phosphodiesterase. 1995; Gene. 166: 205 - 211.
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54. Wang, W., Acland, G.M., Aguirre, G., and Ray, K. Cloning and Characterization of the cDNA Encoding the alpha-Subunit of cGMP-Phosphodiesterase in Canine Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells. 1996; Mol.Vis. 2: 2
Goto Top
Human Mutation Online

55. Wang, W., Zhang, Q., Acland, G.M., Mellersh, C., Ostrander, E.A., Ray, K., and Aguirre, G.D. Molecular characterization and mapping of canine cGMP-phosphodiesterase delta subunit (PDE6D) [In Process Citation]. 1999; Gene. 236: 325 - 332.
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56. Weber, B., Riess, O., Hutchinson, G., Collins, C., Lin, B.Y., Kowbel, D., Andrew, S., Schappert, K., and Hayden, M.R. Genomic organization and complete sequence of the human gene encoding the beta-subunit of the cGMP phosphodiesterase and its localisation to 4p 16.3. 1991; Nucleic.Acids.Res. 19: 6263 - 6268.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

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